Hardware

A personal computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer hardware, upon which can be installed an operating system and a multitude of software to perform the operator's desired functions.
Though a PC comes in many different form factors, a typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:

[edit] Motherboard

The motherboard is the "body"[citation needed] of the computer. Components directly attached to the motherboard include:

* The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.
* The chipset mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.
* RAM Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. RAM Stands for Random Access Memory
* The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are handled by operating system drivers.
* Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound.
o Current
+ The northbridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express
# PCI Express, for graphics cards
+ PCI, for other expansion cards
+ SATA, for disk drives
o Obsolete
+ ATA (superseded by SATA)
+ AGP (superseded by PCI Express)
+ VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)
+ ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers)
* External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the southbridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus.
o USB
o FireWire
o eSATA

English Langguage

English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the first language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the Anglophone Caribbean. It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language throughout the world, especially in Commonwealth countries and in many international organisations.

Significance

Modern English, sometimes described as the first global lingua franca,^[7][8] is the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy.^[9] The initial reason for its enormous spread beyond the bounds of the British Isles, where it was originally a native tongue, was the British Empire, and by the late nineteenth century its reach was truly global.^[10] It is the dominant language in the United States, whose growing economic and cultural influence and status as a global superpower since World War II have significantly accelerated adoption of English as a language across the planet.^[8]

A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of fields, occupations and professions such as medicine and as a consequence over a billion people speak English to at least a basic level (see English language learning and teaching).

Linguists such as David Crystal recognize that one impact of this massive growth of English, in common with other global languages, has been to reduce native linguistic diversity in many parts of the world historically, most particularly in Australasia and North America, and its huge influence continues to play an important role in language attrition. By a similar token, historical linguists, aware of the complex and fluid dynamics of language change, are always alive to the potential English contains through the vast size and spread of the communities that use it and its natural internal variety, such as in its creoles and pidgins, to produce a new family of distinct languages over time.^{[citation needed]}

English is one of six official languages of the United Nations.

Free Download SoftwareD

1. Website 1

2.Klik kanan

3.Software asli

Overview

Computer software is often regarded as anything but hardware, meaning that the "hard" are the parts that are tangible (able to hold) while the "soft" part is the intangible objects inside the computer. Software encompasses an extremely wide array of products and technologies developed using different techniques like programming languages, scripting languages etc. The types of software include web pages developed by technologies like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop applications like Microsoft Word, OpenOffice developed by technologies like C, C++, Java, C#, etc. Software usually runs on an underlying operating system (which is a software also) like Microsoft Windows, Linux (running GNOME and KDE), Sun Solaris etc. Software also includes video games like the Super Mario, Grand Theft Auto for personal computers or video game consoles. These games can be created using CGI (computer generated imagery) that can be designed by applications like Maya, 3ds Max etc.

Also a software usually runs on a software platform which can either be provided by the Operating System or by OS independent platforms like Java and .NET. Software written for one platform is usually unable to run on other platforms so that for instance, Microsoft Windows software will not be able to run on Mac OS because of the differences relating to the platforms and their own standards. These applications can work using software porting, interpreters or re-writing the source code for that platform.

Relationship to computer hardware

software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958.^[3] In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem.^[4]

software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958.^[3] In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem.^[4]

NUKLIR

Senjata nuklir adalah senjata yang mendapat tenaga dari reaksi nuklir dan mempunyai daya pemusnah yang dahsyat - sebuah bom nuklir mampu memusnahkan sebuah kota. Senjata nuklir telah digunakan hanya dua kali dalam pertempuran - semasa Perang Dunia II oleh Amerika Serikat terhadap kota-kota Jepang Hiroshima dan Nagasaki.Pada masa itu daya ledak bom nuklir yg dijatuhkan di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki sebesar 20 kilo(ribuan) ton TNT. Sedangkan bom nuklir sekarang ini berdaya ledak lebih dari 70 mega(jutaan) ton TNT

Negara pemilik senjata nuklir yang dikonfirmasi adalah Amerika Serikat, Rusia, Britania Raya (Inggris), Perancis, Republik Rakyat Cina, India dan Pakistan. Selain itu, negara Israel dipercayai mempunyai senjata nuklir, walaupun tidak diuji dan Israel enggan mengkonfirmasi apakah memiliki senjata nuklir ataupun tidak. Lihat daftar negara dengan senjata nuklir lebih lanjut.

Bentuk bom nuklir yang dijatuhkan di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki

Senjata nuklir kini dapat dilancarkan melalui berbagai cara, seperti melalui pesawat pengebom, peluru kendali, peluru kendali balistik, dan Peluru kendali balistik jarak benua.

GPS(GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM)

Global Positioning System

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Gambaran satelit GPS di orbit

Global Positioning System (GPS) adalah satu-satunya sistem navigasi satelit yang berfungsi dengan baik. Sistem ini menggunakan 24 satelit yang mengirimkan sinyal gelombang mikro ke Bumi. Sinyal ini diterima oleh alat penerima di permukaan, dan digunakan untuk menentukan posisi, kecepatan, arah, dan waktu. Sistem yang serupa dengan GPS anatara lain GLONASS Rusia, Galileo Uni Eropa, IRNSS India.

Sistem ini dikembangkan oleh Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat, dengan nama lengkapnya adalah NAVSTAR GPS (kesalahan umum adalah bahwa NAVSTAR adalah sebuah singkatan, ini adalah salah, NAVSTAR adalah nama yang diberikan oleh John Walsh, seorang penentu kebijakan penting dalam program GPS).^[1] Kumpulan satelit ini diurus oleh 50th Space Wing Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat. Biaya perawatan sistem ini sekitar US$750 juta per tahun,^[2] termasuk penggantian satelit lama, serta riset dan pengembangan.

WHAT IS THE ADSENSE?

Here in AdSense, we’re big on data. From spreadsheets and graphs to weekly reports and metrics, we constantly turn to numbers when running our business. In a similar vein, we've heard your requests for more data to help you run your AdSense websites, which is why we’re excited to announce the integration of one of our personal favorite reporting tools, Google Analytics, with AdSense. We're gradually rolling out this functionality to publishers, and you'll see an invitation link at the top of your 'Overview' and 'Advanced Reports' pages when it's been enabled for your account.


By integrating your AdSense account with a new or existing Analytics account, you’ll have access to in-depth reports about user activity on your site. In addition to the wealth of metrics already available in Analytics such as unique visitors and visitor language, you'll now have access to granular reports that break down AdSense performance both by page and by referring site. Armed with this new data about user behavior, you’ll be able to make more informed decisions on how to improve the user experience on your site and optimize your AdSense units to increase your revenue potential.


We've highlighted a few ways to use the integrated metrics below, but we encourage you to be creative! Come up with your own to discover how useful (and fun) new data can be:

• Discover untapped markets. Use the geographies report to determine which regions are under-represented in your site’s user base. Optimize your site’s content to attract more of these under-represented users.
  
• Drive high-earning traffic to your site. Use the 'Referring sites' report to determine where the users who are making you the most money are coming from. Focus your efforts on getting traffic from these sources.
  
• Delve deeper into AdSense reports. Use the visualization feature to look at trends in your site's AdSense performance over time, or by time of day.
  

Again, this feature is not yet available to all our publishers, but please keep checking your account for an invitation. In the meantime, you can take a look at our demo to learn more about the reports you'll have access to: